JUVENILE CHRONIC ARTHRITIS - STILL DISEASE - PAUCIARTICULAR TYPE
< 16 years
> 6 weeks of disease
Seronegative - 70%
Pauciarticular most common (60% of cases), typically affects young girls, involves the larger peripheral joints such as the knees, ankles, elbow and wrists and affecting one to four joints. When a single joint is involved, it is most commonly the knee.Polyarticular disease (20% of cases), commonly affecting bilaterally the hands, wrists, knees, ankles and feet
- Systemic disease (20% of cases) - occurs in children under the age of 5 years and affects boys and girls equally may or may not be associated with arthritis but is characterized by fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pericarditis, myocarditis and anemia
Seropositive - (5% to 15%)
Juvenile-onset adult type rheumatoid arthritis - onset during adolescence, a strong female predominance, and polyarticular distribution. Sites of involvement in order of decreasing frequency are the hands, wrists, feet, knees, and hips.
Others - juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis of inflammatory bowel disease, other seronegative spondyloarthropathies, and miscellaneous arthritis
Common radiographic features of arthritis in Still disease include soft-tissue swelling and osteopenia
There are several distinct differences when compared with adult rheumatoid arthritis. These differences include delayed joint space narrowing and erosive changes, possible periostitis, growth disturbances, and, later, joint fusion.
The presence of periostitis is due to the relatively loosely adherent periosteum in children compared with that in adults. Growth disturbances include osseous overgrowth of the epiphyses due to chronic hyperemia and bone undergrowth due to premature growth plate fusion with limb length discrepancy, brachydactyly and temporomandibular hypoplasia.
Specific imaging features:
Hips -
- Coxa valga, coxa magna, protrusio acetabuli
- Overgrowth of the femoral capital epiphysis
- Abnormal growth of the femoral neck
Knee -
- Squaring of the inferior margin of the patella
- widened intercondylar notch